Anatomy and Physiology II (APII) Milestone 1 Practice Test

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• Semilunar valves regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into which vessels?
• Which molecule is released during sympathetic activation that increases peripheral resistance?
• Which artery branches into the LAD and circumflex and primarily supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?
• What is the function of the pleural membranes?
• In which organ is an erythrocyte broken down?
• Which statement best describes arterioles?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down aged red blood cells?
• Which heart chamber is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary circuit?
• Which statement about myelin and conduction velocity is correct?
• What are the three phases of hemostasis in order?
• Which pairing is correctly matched as a major endocrine gland with a representative hormone?
• Which vessel exits the right ventricle?
• Which sequence correctly lists the phases of an action potential in a neuron, in order?
• The layer that directly covers the heart is described as which of the following?
• Which chamber receives blood from the lungs?
• Which leukocyte leaves the circulation to become a macrophage in tissues?
• Which valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle?
• Explain the bicarbonate buffer system and its relevance to pH regulation.
• In ketoacidosis, what compensatory changes occur in peripheral resistance and blood pressure?
• Which artery branches off the right coronary artery and supplies the right ventricle?
• What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries?
• Which chamber receives systemic venous blood returning to the heart?
• Which structure ensures a continuous blood supply to the brain?
• Verapamil blocks which ion channels to affect cardiac conduction?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid stem cell?
• What is the function of the semilunar valves?
• Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
• Which vessels are equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• What is the typical diameter range for muscular arteries?
• Which white blood cell is primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions and is not primarily phagocytic?
• A man gains excess belly fat that increases resistance to blood flow and stress on the heart. What happens to vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• Which of the following are the formed elements in blood?
• Which leukocyte is derived from myeloid stem cells and differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for peristaltic movements?
• Which statement about platelets during hemostasis is correct?
• Which cell is a type of white blood cell that differentiates into macrophages when it leaves the bloodstream and enters tissues?
• Which component of a neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?
• In response to hypoxia, what happens to peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure?
• What is the Bohr effect in relation to hemoglobin?
• Which statement correctly describes the structural and functional characteristics of arteries, veins, and capillaries?
• The aortic semilunar valve regulates blood flow between which two structures?
• Lymphocytes include which cells?
• What is plasma?
• Describe the basic structure and function of the gastrointestinal wall layers.
• After breakdown of red blood cells, iron released from heme can be stored or recycled. Which statement is true about its fate?
• In the tissues, the oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen from which part of hemoglobin?
• Which blood component is integral to forming a hemostatic plug?
• Which capillary type is found in tissues such as the kidney and endocrine glands, enabling rapid exchange?
• Describe the sequence of cardiac conduction from SA node to Purkinje fibers.
• How is homeostasis achieved and illustrated by a negative feedback loop?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• A patient receives a rapid infusion of saline; which explains the expected heart rate change?
• What is osmosis and why is it important in physiology?
• Which artery bifurcates to form the medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery?
• Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
• Which blood component is derived from myeloid stem cells and is involved in clotting but is not a leukocyte?
• A trained athlete at rest has a lower heart rate but normal cardiac output. What must happen?
• Explain the difference between systole and diastole.
• What happens during the coagulation phase?
• Basophils are characterized by which of the following?
• Which statement best describes veins?
• Block in conduction between the atria and ventricles (AV block) mainly affects which interval?
• Defects in the ventricular conduction system typically produce which electrocardiographic change?
• How do the kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
• A broad or prolonged QRS complex (> 100 ms) would indicate which of the following?
• How is CO2 transported in the blood?
• During auscultatory blood pressure measurement, the diastolic pressure is recorded at the moment when the last Korotkoff sound is heard.
• Into which structure does blood from the left ventricle flow?
• How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate?
• Defect in ventricular repolarization affects which ECG component?
• Elastic (conducting) arteries are characterized by a high content of which protein that allows stretch and recoil?
• What is another name for the visceral pericardium?
• Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron?
• Name the three phases of hemostasis.
• Which expression correctly represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the bicarbonate buffer system, noting that CO2 is converted to carbonic acid in solution?
• Which type of arteries distribute blood to various organs and have a high content of smooth muscle enabling vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• What is the primary component of blood plasma?
• Which veins drain the reproductive organs?
• Name the functional units of the kidney.
• Which vein is described as a deep arm vein formed from the radial and ulnar veins and draining into the axillary vein?
• In an isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, reducing atrial inflow would cause what change in force of contraction and cardiac output?
• Which part of the pericardium is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• In which type of vessel is the lumen diameter primarily regulated by neural and chemical controls?
• Which statement correctly describes passive and active transport across cell membranes?
• A deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm and leads to the axillary vein is called what?
• Which sequence describes negative feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?
• A contractile cardiac cell exposed to a calcium channel blocker would have which of the following changes to its action potential?
• Which arteries have a higher proportion of smooth muscle and regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
• Where do neurotransmitters get released in chemical synapses?
• What is the role of the liver in digestion?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage when it leaves the circulation?
• What is the Circle of Willis?
• Which organ belongs to the pulmonary circuit?
• Presence of an S4 gallop is most closely associated with which condition?
• What is vascular spasm?
• What is the homeostatic set point?
• What primarily determines the hematocrit value?
• What is the role of helper T cells in adaptive immunity?
• If there is an S3 sound, in which phase of the cardiac cycle does it occur?
• Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of structure and function.
• The circumflex artery arises from which coronary artery?
• Which chamber pumps blood into the aorta?
• Which statement best describes hemoglobin's role in gas transport?
• How does myelin affect nerve conduction?
• Which type of arteries are the first in the vascular series to dampen the surge of blood?
• Which component of blood is involved in the formation of blood clots?
• What is the Frank-Starling law?
• Which pericardial layer is attached to the outer surface of the heart and forms part of the heart wall?
• Which vessel receives blood directly from the left ventricle?
• Define stroke volume and identify its three determinants.
• Which layer of the pericardium is the visceral layer that directly covers the heart?
• Which blood vessel is equipped with valves to direct blood flow?
• Which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
• What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and why is it important?
• Which region drains into the external jugular vein?
• Which vascular structure has branches that supply the distal portions of the foot and digits?
• Which condition promotes oxygen unloading from hemoglobin according to the Bohr effect?
• Which cellular element is primarily responsible for hemostasis by forming a temporary plug?
• How do the kidneys regulate fluid balance in response to dehydration?
• Which white blood cell is phagocytic and most abundant, acting as an early responder to infection but does not become a macrophage?
• Which of the following best describes platelets?
• How does feedback regulation maintain pH within a narrow range?
• Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for water reabsorption and countercurrent exchange?
• Calcium channel blockade by certain drugs would primarily shorten which phase of the ventricular action potential?
• Which type of arteries dampen the pulsatile pressure from the heart and include the aorta?
• Which cell is a leukocyte derived from a myeloid lineage and is among the early responders to infection?
• Which statement about active transport is true?
• Where are baroreceptors located that participate in the reflex regulating blood pressure?
• Which vein is the deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins and leads to the axillary vein?
• In which of the following conditions is a high or wide pulse pressure (> 25% of systolic pressure) common?
• During acidosis, what compensatory response helps maintain cardiac output?
• A broad QRS complex indicates a defect in which part of the conduction system?
• Which cells arise from lymphoid stem cells?
• Which blood cell is broken down in the spleen and has its components recycled?
• Purkinje fibers are specialized conducting fibers located in which part of the heart?
• The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram represents which electrical event?
• Which cell is a type of lymphocyte derived from lymphoid stem cells?
• What neural reflex helps regulate blood pressure on a short-term basis?
• If severe bleeding occurs and is untreated, what happens to blood pressure and blood flow?
• Which gland secretes cortisol?
• Which leukocyte becomes a phagocytic macrophage after leaving the circulation?
• Which artery supplies the anterior portion of the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles?
• Which hormone promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys to regulate dehydration?
• Which organ filters blood and removes waste products?
• A abnormal SA node would primarily affect which aspect of cardiac function?
• Which artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, inferior portion of the left ventricle, and posterior part of the interventricular septum?
• Which substance converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation?
• Which structure in the heart contains additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to ventricular contractile cells?
• How do feed-forward and feedback hormonal regulation differ?
• Which formed element is most abundant in healthy human blood?
• Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
• What occurs during platelet plug formation?
• What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in immunity?
• What is the role of hypothalamic releasing hormones in endocrine regulation?
• Which structure is the Circle of Willis also known as, providing collateral circulation to the brain?
• Which pressure difference contributes to net filtration pressure by favoring filtration across capillaries?
• In a schematic drawing of a vein, which structure is designated by letter D?
• Which serous pericardial layer lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?
• Define tidal volume.
• During diastole, which valve opens to permit blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
• Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by which cells in response to antigens?
• Which organ produces bile for fat emulsification?
• Which GI wall layer is primarily responsible for absorption and secretion?
• Which structure conducts impulses after the AV node to coordinate ventricular contraction?
• Which factor most increases peripheral resistance (PR)?
• During the coagulation phase of hemostasis, which molecule is produced to stabilize the blood clot?
• Which statement best describes net filtration pressure in capillaries?
• Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
• Net filtration pressure is the force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; therefore, it is equal to the difference between which two pressures?
• Which of the following best describes the Bainbridge reflex?
• What does ventilation-perfusion matching describe and why is it important?
• How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?
• At high altitude with reduced oxygen, what sequence of changes occurs in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output before acclimation?
• How does the atrioventricular (AV) node contribute to the heart's conduction system?
• Which determinant of stroke volume corresponds to the heart muscle's responsiveness to filling?
• Megakaryocytes, which produce platelets, arise from which stem cell lineage?
• In an adult with excess belly fat, what happens to systemic vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in cardiac conduction?
• Into which vein does the external jugular vein typically drain?
• Which statement best defines hematocrit?
• Which pericardial layer directly covers the heart?
• How is carbon dioxide transported by hemoglobin?
• What best describes the synaptic cleft?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity?
• Which coagulation pathway is initiated by tissue damage and leads to the activation of the common pathway?
• Blockage of which blood vessel would most likely cause ischemia of the right side of the heart, including the interventricular septum and posterior walls of both ventricles?
• Which pancreas hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
• Which statement best differentiates dendrites from axons?
• In a physiologist’s isolated rat heart perfused with an oxygenated solution, if the volume entering the heart through the atria is decreased below normal, what happens to the force of contraction and cardiac output?
• The aortic semilunar valve controls flow between which two structures?
• Where does the extrinsic coagulation pathway converge?
• Which component of blood acts as a solvent for dissolved or suspended substances?
• Which of the following describes acidosis effects on peripheral vessels and the heart's responsiveness to catecholamines?
• Abdominal fat accumulation has what effect on vascular resistance and cardiac workload?
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
• How does aldosterone affect renal sodium handling?
• Damage to the left atrium and the posterior portion of the left ventricle is most consistent with occlusion of which artery?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down erythrocytes and recycling components such as hemoglobin?
• Which vessels primarily adjust resistance to regulate regional blood flow?
• Differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity.
• S4 gallop occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• Which components comprise the bicarbonate buffer system used to regulate pH in the blood?
• Increased belly fat is associated with which of the following cardiovascular effects?
• During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta through which valve?